Removal of severely encrusted forgotten ureteral stents by minimal access techniques.

Introduction Forgotten JJ stents are cited as one of the major dis­ advantages when compared with percutaneous nephro­ stomy (PCN) for relieving obstructed kidneys. However, published literature is scarce regarding ways of removing them without open exploration. Two recent cases are reported where extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and endoscopic intracorporeal lithotrity were used to remove JJ stents.